Essay on Margaret Atwood’s Rape Fantasies

Damarcus Fitzhugh Lenore Harris ENG 001B 11/18/2012 In most short stories of the past there have always been Heroes and Villains; good vs. evil. Whether it’s the innocent Hansel and Gretel vs. the evil cannibalistic witch; authors tended to paint the line separating the two through their uses of certain writing tools. The point Atwood attempts to drive into the reader is women’s naivety and overall downplay of rape. Margaret Atwood, author of Rape Fantasies, relies heavily on Irony and Characterization to get her point across. In the story Estelle, the narrator and main character, shares her rape fantasies along .In all of them she is a victim, later in the story, we find out that the reason she has these thoughts about being raped is so that if she ever is in a situation like one where she might get raped, she wants to be prepared to avoid it and protect herself. This shows an unrealistic and naive view on what rape really is. She imagines the rapist to be the victim i nstead of her. As mentioned in the text, all the rapists she fantasizes about are victims of some sort of mental or physical trait considered undesirable Atwood uses characterization, specifically in Estelle, with whom she characterizes as condescending, sarcastic and negative at times.She is a young office worker who notes how popular the subject â€Å"Rape† has become in women's magazines. Estelle is playing a game with her co-workers over their lunch hour, when Chrissy, a woman from Estelle's office, brings up the topic of rape fantasies. Estelle would rather just continue playing, but instead, the small group of ladies decides to go around the table sharing their own rape fantasies. (1) Darlene, the oldest, and the only divorced women of the group finds these fantasies revolting and ends up turning her back on the other ladies. later she returns, unable to resist the interesting taboo) (1) Chrissy and Sondra are very eager to share their â€Å"rape fantasies† but a fter they do Estelle informs them that they were not legitimate rape fantasies but merely romantic fantasies; she then describes a story of a man jumping her in a dark alley, or sneaking into her house when she is sick in bed. In all of Estelle's stories the men are pathetic, lonely individuals who have something â€Å"wrong† with them either mentally or physically.Here we see Estelle victimize the rapist in order to protect herself. She believes she can talk herself out of being raped. After sharing all the rape fantasies the story goes into a deeper monologue and a new light is shed on why Estelle's fantasies (1) all end the way they do. It is because she feels that after getting to know someone and getting a glimpse of what they think and how they feel there is no way a person would be able to rape the other; this theory contradicts almost every book that says women are usually raped by someone they know.Irony is introduced within the conversations the women have. Moving f rom woman to woman, Darlene calling the entire thing â€Å"disgusting,† Greta describing a Tarzan-like situation, Chrissy describing hers in a bath, when Estelle, ever the voice of reason, informs them that what they are describing are sexual fantasies: â€Å"Listen . . . those aren’t rape fantasies. I mean, you aren’t getting raped, it’s just some guy you haven’t met formally who happens to be more attractive than Derek Cummins . . and you have a good time, rape is when they’ve got a knife or something and you don’t want to†. (1) Angered, the other women insist that she tell them hers. Content, Estelle then describes her rape fantasy where she deflects her rapist by squirting lemon juice from a plastic bottle in his eyes (â€Å"You should hear the one about the Easy Off Cleaner†), and the one where â€Å"this short, ugly fellow comes up and grabs my arm . . .I say, â€Å"Oh for Christ sake,’ and he starts to cr y,† which prompts a wave of sympathy in Estelle. And there’re more, all with Estelle stopping her attacker through talking to him (â€Å"I’ve just found out I have leukemia†), or talking him out of it. (1) As the story continues, we become aware that Estelle is talking to someone in addition to the reader–â€Å"I hope you don’t mind me holding my nose like this . . . † and that person is probably a man (two times Estelle says, â€Å"But I guess it’s different for a guy†).As the story ends, we realize that Estelle has been in a bar, talking to a man she had just met, she worries about possibly being raped by him. â€Å"Like, how could a fellow do that to a person he’s just had a long conversation with, once you let them know you’re human, you have a life too, I don’t see how they could go ahead with it, right? † (Last Paragraph) We are left wondering whether this entire story is Estelle’s deliberate inventions, her attempt to control a dangerous interaction. Citation Atwood, Margaret. Rape Fantasies. S. l. : S. n. , .. ]. Print.

Role of Media and Islam in Pakistan’s Politics

With the end of the cold war, the drive towards democratization assumed center state. Out of a total 206 states in the world, 195 claims to be either democratic or republican. In spite of it, the nature and function of many self pro claimed democratic systems leave much to be desired. This has led to international efforts, led by the US, to engage in the twin task of democracy promotion and democracy protection. India joined the community of the democracies in 2000, at the turn of the millennium, and later became a member of the UN democratic funds in2005.It has sought to contribute to the efforts aimed at promotion and strengthening of democracy in its own way. The author of the book under review, Professor Muni, calls it â€Å"significant shift† in India’s foreign policy. As a close followers of India’s foreign policy he has tries to isolated the â€Å"democracy dimension† in India’s foreign policy towards its immediate neighbors on an individual country basis over three distinct phases, which makes interesting readings. Professor Muni has enough experience as an academic and a diplomat to comment on such an important issue with great care and diligence.After a brief review of theories of democracies and its interface with foreign policy, the author situates the Indian experience over three different phases. He argues during the first phase (1947-1960s) soon after freedom from colonial rule, India emphasis â€Å"independence and nationalism†. The principal architect of Indian foreign policy, Jawahar Lal Nehru, set out to build of free, cooperative and peaceful Asia. This explained Nehru’s vociferous argument in favor of inclusion of communist china in the comity of nations as an independent state.He went on to fashioned his policy of non alignment as a main benchmark of India’s foreign policy and try to stay out of the bipolar power politics. His policies towards neighboring countries demonstrated his pr edilection for democracies in spite of the compromises he made to protect the strategic and economic interests of India. The author makes a detailed analysis of Nehru’s approach towards Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar and Pakistan and concludes that Nehru’s preferences for democracies was often trumped by India’s vital security concerns.During the second phase (1960s-2000) the successors of Nehru, the author argues, adopted a pragmatic policy devoid an idealism that marked the Nehru years. The post 1962 (sino-indian war) years, as Nehru confessed shocked him out of his idealism and prepared the grounds for unapologetic realism in Indian foreign policy. Professor Muni demonstrate through his narrative of twists and turns of Nepalese politics that Indian supported democratic moments in Nepal when its suited its strategic interests unencumbered dilemma that characterized by Nehruvian years.All through, the main driver of India’s policy towards neighbors was t o keep the region free from adversarial influences. The security challenges post by china and Pakistan largely determined the parameters of India’s foreign policy since the 1970s. Even as India evolved as a democratic nation and institutions promoting democratic values took firm roots in the country, during this phase there was no enthusiasm to propagate democracy and encourage democratic forces in the neighborhood.Nevertheless, India played an important role in the liberation of East Pakistan in 1971, integrated Sikkim in 1975 and supported exiled democratic forces from Myanmar in 1970s and 1980s. Democracy mattered only when it converged with India’s strategic interests. However, india choose to diassociate it self from democratic forces in the mid 1970s. in Bhutan, india’s sided with the king and discouraged the popular movement raised by Bhutanis of Nepales region. It is quiet and other india forced the nepaled king to negotiate with the democratic forces in 1988.In the case of Myanmar, since the late 1980s, it decided to mend its relationship with the military Junta and ignore the democratic forces to balance china’s increasing proximity to Myanmar. The third phase since the start of new millennium as found India in the company of US, seeking to promote and protect democracy around the world. India has calibrated its policy towards its neighbors accordingly. Despite its aversion from the maost of Nepal, it played a critical role in the mainstreaming of this group and revived the democratic process.Despite playing a modest but critical role in Bangladesh’s return to democracy in 1990, it has maintained a study aloofness from the rough and tumble of Bangladesh politics. In recent years a fresh wave of the democracy swept the neighborhood. The author has appreciated India’s diplomatic responses to these changes. There is also a brief discussion on India’s efforts and indo-US coordination in the process of reco nstruction and democratization in Afghanistan since 9/11.The author implies that in view of India’s strategic interests in Afghanistan, it is imperative for India to continue with its developmental work despite attacks on its citizens by paksitan-sponsopred terrorists. In some author suggest that in its conduct of foreign policy, India should not blindly follow the US at the cost of its strategic interests. The book provides useful insights to India’s neighborhood policy over the last six decades. The author brings to bear his personal interaction many leading actors in both India and Nepal to present his analysis of Nepalese politics forcefully.His study of other neighbors of India somehow struggles to come that level of compliance and intensity. To be share to the author, given india’s leverage in Nepal and its ability to influence its politics, Nepal was certain to attract that much attention and care. However, one wondered if the author have accorded some sp ace to India’s reaction to the imperfect nature of Srilankan democracy with its lack of emphasis on inclusivity and pluralism. Given the threat it posed to the Srilankan polity and deep Indian involvement in the 1980s, Srilanka deserved some attention in the book.To the conclusion reader of the book finds the book and the author holds a strong grip over the material and issue it contained. The book deserve the attention of foreign policy analysts and scholars of international relations in India because in recent years India has sought to spell out its neighborhood policy tentatively with emphasis on building a web of interdependencies the neighbor and finally the book is a good depiction of India’s foreign policy specially in reference to its influences the democratic scenario in the outer world.

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

In a Rose for Emily, William Faulkner uses a variety of imagery and flashbacks to show the kind of woman Miss Emily is. The towns’ people all know of her based off their accounts and what they have heard of her home. Miss Emily was created to be an exceptional female figure. Feminists have fought for the right of women to be free from the old social restraints which have been in place for so long. A feminist believes a woman should be strong and independent. In some ways the main character, Emily, is this kind of woman, but for the most part she is portrayed as weak and fragile, though she is not.Miss Emily was pretty much a rebel. Miss Emily had written letters from the Mayor and other officials about taxes, which she ignored because she had â€Å"no taxes in Jefferson†. Miss Emily had a Negro house maid, which the mayor Colonel Satoris sought to be wrong. Colonel Satoris definitely proved to be sexist in many ways. Satoris believed â€Å"only women could believe itâ € , speaking about lies that only the men in the town could know the truth too about Emily’s dad. Emily was the ruler of the house, which was beyond social norms in that time. Being the one who ran the house, the woman banished the Mayor, townspeople, and sheriffs from her house. Faulkner proves Miss Emily’s power in many ways throughout the text.

The cold war in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The cold war in Europe - Essay Example On the other hand, Bernard Law Montgomery was born on 17th November 1887. He was a British field marshal officer. He was mostly referred to as Monty and he earned his distinction during the World War II as he had highly efficient leadership skills to the British army in the North Africa. Montgomery was seen to be very more arrogant Friedman (43). Patton and Montgomery were both the most prominent military figures during the fight of freeing Europe from the grip of Nazism. These two generals were rivals throughout the war. The two had different massive egos and opinions on how they were going to defeat the Germans, their differences perceptions always got them arguing. Bernard law Montgomery was considered to be so pompous while Patton was considered as reckless and this prevented both the two generals from leading the Allied land invasion of Europe (Friedman 47). Bernard law Montgomery and George S. Patton turned in to natural rivalry because they competed with each other to see who was going to get to Berlin first and they wanted to prove their powers hence they wanted to see who was much better between the two (other). The two pushed their men recklessly to get of Massena first than the other group.

Global Trade Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Trade Operations - Essay Example International trade has also played a pivotal role in offering economic growth in the countries involved. International trade has also helped countries to reduce their manufacturing costs. For instance, a country can concentrate on what it produces efficiently and effectively. The countries specialize on the field where their absolute advantage lies. This case involves international trade between two countries that are located in different parts of the world. Both countries are different but they are linked together by trade. Background; Trade between CHINA and UK China and UK have enjoyed productive trade relations for a long time. Statistics reveal that trade between the two countries is increasing significantly. In 2009, UK – China bilateral trade in goods was more than $ 201.16 billion. The value is expected to increase significantly in the future. More than 56 Chinese companies have also been listed in the London Stock Exchange. In 2009, UK, imports from China was $ 15.97 billion. Desired Incoterms In 2000, International Chamber of Commercial Terms issued International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) that are now adopted in international trade throughout the world. The Incoterms that are basically used by these traders is the Free on Board (FOB). In this case, the seller is required to deliver the goods to a carrier identified by the buyer. For FOB, the seller delivers the goods after which they are cleared for export (Grath 2008). Importing from China While importing from China, an importer is supposed to create a relationship with the supplier. After establishing a relationship, an individual or organization is required to confirm the terms of trade between the two countries. After confirmation of the trade terms, the parties then agree on the terms of payments. This is followed by approval of samples. Finally, an order is placed in writing after which the freight forwarder is appointed (Grath 2008). In 2008, China exports to UK were $36.07 million. These statistics reveal that there is a strong trade relationship between China and United Kingdom. Exporting to China Exporting from China is almost similar to the importing process. The first step is for the exporter to develop a relationship with the buyer. Then, the two confirm the terms of trade which applies for the two countries. The two parties are then required to agree on the conditions of payment. This involves the deposit balances well as receipts of goods. It is also, important to have samples approved before receiving an order with the new buyer. This should be in writing. The order should indicate the exact order and the terms of trade. Regulations guiding trade in EU and non- EU countries Although the international trade has opened new markets for many companies, it has some complications. For example, trading between EU and non EU member is crucial bearing in mind that the two regions may have different regulations. In this case, the trading companies are required t o adhere to the jurisdiction within the region where the trade is taking place. Some restrictions are unhealthy since they undermine the ability of companies to export freely. The regulations within the EU regions favour the trade between the member states. It promotes free movement of goods and services between the members. The member states are required to withdraw all restrictions to the member states. Therefore, all businesses in the member states can easily

Synthesis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Synthesis Paper - Essay Example In the story, Eighner assumes the role of the dumpster diver narrates how he, together with Lizbeth went from living a comfortable life to life in the streets where their survival depended on dumpsters. This transition came after they became homeless. The main points from Eighner’s story are: Today the cost of living in cities is exorbitant. The continued rise in the cost of basic goods and services exerts a lot of pressure on low-income earners(Ehrenreich 152). In addition, unfavorable factors in their places of work add to the pains of the poor as they deal with the demands of modern life. First, low-income earners work for several hours without a break. The effect is that by the time they get home, the low-income earner is so tired they that cannot take a second job to supplement their primary income, even if such a job was available. Most low-income earners are paid poorly by their employers(Ehrenreich 152). This is partly sobecause most of them lack formal education and work as casuals. This conditions severely erodes their ability to bargain for better pay. As result, most low-income earners struggle to pay their basic bills like rent, water and electricity. This means that they cannot save for retirement. The majority of low-income earners work under harsh physical conditions. An example is a factory worker. Even though conditions of work are much better today than during the industrial revolution, for instance, the factory worker still has to endure uncomfortable conditions. Some of these conditions include poor ventilation and poorly designed lifting operations. The latter could expose the worker to back problems. Moreover, most employers do not cover their casual workers under healthcare plans. These plans take care of the treatment of an employee in the event that they suffer injury while at work. Some employers mistreat their employees by scolding them in front of their colleagues instead of correcting them

School Uniforms are Necessary in Todays World Essay

School Uniforms are Necessary in Todays World - Essay Example School Uniforms are Necessary in Today’s World There is a long history of the use of uniforms in school, most coming from the private sector until recent years, all of which demonstrate these benefits do exist. While most of the uniform policies used in public schools include relatively general restrictions, such as navy or khaki pants and solid color shirts with collars without brand name requirements or specific, school-related insignia required, there has still been a great opposition to these policies by people who mistakenly insist that school uniform policies somehow restrict a child’s ability to express him or herself. Examining the history of the use of school uniforms in public schools in this country reveals that requiring school uniforms provides a number of advantages that outweigh any arguments against them. The idea of requiring students to wear uniforms is nothing new and has been used for at least a century to help foster a sense of academia and respect for oneself within the school setting. When President Clinton said â€Å"I believe we should give strong support to school districts that decide to require young students to wear school uniforms†, he had based his opinion on a history of school uniforms having a calming effect on students. In England, school uniforms had been used for years both to distinguish those children who were part of the lower classes, attending schools that provided their uniform clothing for them, and to distinguish those children who were of the decidedly upper class as a badge of honor and social placement.

Technical Instruction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technical Instruction - Assignment Example This essay revolves around task analysis for a 4th generation iPod Touch from Apple Inc. Hierarchical analysis entails decomposing a complex task into subtasks that are easy to understand. In case of operating an iPod, Hierarchical analysis provides detailed description of all steps starting from switching the device on to playing a tune and adjusting audio volume. On the contrary, cognitive analysis provides informative knowledge on optimizing functionality of a product. At this juncture, iPod task analysis can be broken down into subtasks as in the layout below. After acquiring a new iPod, charging is necessary to ensure battery durability. A green light code on the top right corner indicates the device’s battery status. Presence of 3 or more green light codes signifies a strong battery status while less than 2 codes indicates a low battery. Charge an iPod Touch through the following steps; Configuration of a device is necessary in order to enhance its security and enhance its functionality. Failure to configure an iPod Touch from Apple will restrict the device’s ability to accept and install certain applications from iTunes Store. Configuration of a new device is achieved through the following steps; Modification of contents falls into two broad categories; adding applications and removing applications. Apart from these two tasks, users can engage in other minor modifications like customizing background theme, hiding applications and customizing the lock screen

Employing Strategy in a Competitive Environment Essay - 1

Employing Strategy in a Competitive Environment - Essay Example Campaigns for efficiency of national transport systems advocate for mass public means of transport as a preferred way of reducing losses and costs, posing a major threat to private transport services (Cooper, Mundy, & Nelson 2010). Unforeseen eventualities in the infrastructure and national and global economy continue to pose a threat to the transport since antiquity. Complex innovations across the infrastructure needs imply that a compromise calls for a great deal of investment to rectify the challenge. The level of damage that the multi-billion dollar industry suffers during eventualities is irreparable in the modern day, exposing the customers and the company to serious losses. As an illustration, the recent trends of extreme weather are serious challenges to the maintenance of the integrity of transport infrastructure such as roads, so the reliance on such transport services becomes risky in this era of efficient business practices (McSherry, 2002). In addition, the volatility of the global economy and the uncertainties it brings to corporate strategy options exposes the York Trans Rove to unpredictable market threats. Service and fleet portfolio at York Trans Rove elevates the company as a daring participant in the New York market, where many players would not find it easy to enter. Having entered the market as a small scale player and navigating through the competitive space with its current portfolio – these actions demonstrate resilience and conviction to market participation (Loh, 1997). In terms of this internal belief for undisputed possibilities, the company has established a strong foundation to challenge such giant players as Enterprise Rent-A-Car Corporation. The concept of operating as a small company focused only on growth prospects as opposed to a huge company considering downgrading operations under a particular pressure presents York Trans Rove with a

A Comment On A Commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Comment On A Commitment - Essay Example A Comment On A Commitment With such extensive environmental conservation programs, the college’s president must therefore take part in the forthcoming climate commitment. Diablo Valley College will sign the commitment owing to the environmental management skills the college is likely to acquire from such as discussed in the essay below. Participating in the commitment will help position the college as an integral member of the society joining in the fight to eradicate environmental pollution thereby making the environment safer and better. At such conferences, delegates learn newer and better ways of eradicating environmental degradation besides the presentation of the projects the colleges undertake in eliminating such. The commitments present an effective opportunity for the students’ president to present the college’s green projects all of which have sought to improve the sustainability of the environment (Schlossberg 121). Global warming is a topic of global concern. The emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere has contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer, which is a layer of oxygen molecules that cushion the earth from the harsh rays of the sun. The depletion of the layer leaves the earth surface vulnerable to increased temperatures among other undesirable diseases as harsh rays of the sun penetrate the atmosphere. Effects of global warming include climatic change and the rising water levels as the glaciers continue to melt. Such natural phenomenon has diverse effects ranging from unique skin diseases to the rising incidences of typhoons among other natural calamities. The depletion of the ozone layer threatens both the stability of the earth and the life in the planet. It thus becomes a prerogative of the citizens to curb the emission of such harmful gases by engaging in responsive activities. Among the contributors of the gases is the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum products in propelling cars among other machines. At such environmental commitments, the leaders discuss the efforts by both the students’ fraternity and the government in order to limit the emission of such gases (Reza 31). As policy makers, stude nt leaders are influential members of the society responsible for the activities and behavior of the students while at the colleges. The leaders therefore act as the bridge between the students and the leadership of the universities. As such, their participation in the environmental commitment is paramount, as it will facilitate the spread of the message to the students thus improving their appreciation of the various projects at the universities and colleges. The Diablo Valley College just as any other institution of higher learning has hundreds of students all of who require transportation and use various substances in the society that may equally contribute to the emission of the toxic gases. They therefore require appropriate knowledge on environmental management in order to improve the desirable environmental practices. To achieve such, the college has undertaken various projects that promise such effective and desirable environmental practices (Karen and Ricardo 55). By partic ipating in the forthcoming commitment, the students, leadership will learn newer and better management practices in order to improve the success of such projects. The success of the said projects relies on the students’

Homework assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Homework - Assignment Example Indeed, they are paying a price for it. This hallucinationation about has seen a boom in market manipulation such as the â€Å"$33 billion a year diet industry, the $20 billion a year cosmetics industry, the $300 million cosmetic surgery industry for instance.† Thus, a critical analysis of the excerpt by wolf shows that the contemporary woman is trapped in the myth of beauty. Their life is centred on material beauty that is used to define new role in society. The modern women believe that beauty and sexuality are complementary to each other. This point is important because women tend to view themselves from another dimension apart from their natural physique. The modern women are more concerned about their appearance in the eyes of the other people who see them. Women think that if they look attractive especially to men, they are in a position to assert their power since they will be in a position to the best men envied by many people. Personally, I think the constant denial by women to accept themselves as they are is a source of weakness as they tend to believe that they are inferior if they are not beautiful. Women find themselves in a trap due to the fact that they want to create the world of their own that is centred on the notion of beauty. Unlike the patriarchal system where women were stereotyped to domestic roles, it can be seen that their desire to look beautiful is a source of imprisonment since they are finding the emerging cosmetic industry irresistible. A lot of women spend a fortune on cosmetics in order to beautify themselves. To a certain extent, this shows that women are not confident in themselves since they are driven by the desire to impress people around them and they use beauty as a weapon to achieve this

Factors in a child’s development Essay Example for Free

Factors in a child’s development Essay Family is one of the biggest external factors in a child’s development. The first three years of a child’s life are when their foundations are laid out influencing what type of a person they may grow up to be. A child who is given lots of love, attention and guidance are more likely to thrive compared to those who are ignored. At this very early age parents and siblings are the most important thing in a child’s life so everything they do can influence a child, this is when they first start to imitate other peoples actions so if a child is in a stimulating environment then they are more likely to want to continue to be stimulated when they reach school age. Friendships are also a major factor, by the age of three children start to form strong friendships. Friendships may begin to influence behavior, in a positive or sometimes a negative way. They will start to learn how to listen to other people’s opinions and also how to voice their own views. Read more:Â  Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors essay It’s when children start making friends that their personalities really start to develop and they start either start to become a leader or a follower. Peers may become a big influence over their likes and dislikes. What a child eats also plays a big part in a child’s development both in a physical and mental way. Calcium, protein and fats are all essential in a child’s diet to help them grow. When a child starts school it becomes more difficult from a parents prospective to supervise what children are eating especially in children of high school age, too much sugary and fatty foods can lead to children becoming over weight and lacking in energy. It is important for schools to take an active approach in what children are allowed to eat when possible. In today’s world of high technology the media is also a big factor in how children develop. The television can be an amazing aid in a child’s development if watched in moderation. A child that spends too much time in front of a television may run an increased risk of becoming over weight and children who view violent television shows show a tendency towards an aggressive behavior. Social media is also taking a part in children’s developments as friendships are formed with people from all over the world that once would not have been accessible unfortunately it can also have negative results as children can be bullied without an adult around to help them and can lead to a very low self esteem.

Criticisms of the positivism approach

Criticisms of the positivism approach This essay aims to explore and assess the criticisms that have been levelled at the application of positivism within human geography. It will become clear that most of these criticisms follow two interlinked themes: The idea that such scientific and quantitative approaches rely on generalisation and are shallow by nature, and that positivisms objective approach tends to refuse acknowledgement of individuals and their experiences. However, despite the numerous flaws of positivist approaches, it would be naive to ignore the useful aspects of their nomothetic direction. This paper will conclude that the divide between the positivist and non-positivist (humanistic, radical and Marxist) geographers should not be seen as a weakness in the discipline, but rather as Geographys main strength. As Ackerman (1958 p.74, cited in Johnston, 1997) noted, most geographical research has dealt with much generalisation, yet it has given meaning to other research efforts which succeeded it. In this sense it has a block-building characteristic. (p.17). The philosophical divide is therefore in fact constructive. Non positivist approaches compliment the generalisations of the previous more positivist studies through expansion and critique. Before immersing into the stark debates inherent of these criticisms though, a brief history of positivism is necessary so that the critiques that follow can be understood on a contextual basis. Positivism is a philosophical approach that can be applied to social sciences. The approach was founded upon the belief that phenomena of the human social world are no different from those of the natural inorganic and organic world (Unwin, 1992 p.31). As a result, the father of positivism (Kitchin, 2006 p.20), Auguste Comte felt that social phenomena should be studied using more scientific methodologies. Kitchin (2006) explains that this new approach, first presented in Comtes mid 19th century writings, focused on facts and truths that could be empirically proven and observed. Indeed the reasoning behind the coining of the term positivism was the approaches aim to prioritise actual truths. Comte demanded objective studies using replicable methods so that common laws could be generated, he was consequently dismissive of metaphysical and normative questions as they were seemingly impossible to answer from a scientific standpoint. As positivism grew in influence it branched into two main directions; logical positivism and critical rationalism (falsification). Logical positivism, a product of the Vienna Circle in the 1920s, revolves around the idea that a hypothesis should be set and vigorously tested until it becomes statistically true (Johnston et al, 2000). Popper (1976) on the other hand suggested the ideal that something is only true until it is disproved, therefore academics should be aiming to nullify hypotheses. In turn this becomes a more objective method as you are not biased toward satisfying the criteria within your own hypothesis. Of course there are flaws with both of these ideals. It is impossible to prove many things beyond a doubt, especially when dealing with processes as complicated as those applied to human geography; and not everything can be falsified, it is for example not possible to falsify something that cannot be directly tested. Nevertheless, these two strands of positivism played an important role in the application of the philosophy within human geography. Whilst positivism set the groundwork for the debates that are to follow, the quantitative revolution acted as the trigger. In the 1950s Geographys low reputation as a science led to an increase in positivist and quantitative approaches to human geography as the discipline attempted to legitimise itself by producing laws based on observational evidence (Unwin, 1992 p.106). Indeed geography had shifted dramatically from a traditional idiographic descriptive approach to that of a nomothetic, thriving on evidence and statistics. Of course both approaches are still present in contemporary geography, yet the rise in positivist research is undeniable. This of course leads us to the criticisms that one half of the geographical divide have levelled at their positivistic adversaries. As outlined in the introduction, most of the criticisms aimed at positivism in human geography are loosely based around its shallow nature, sweeping statements and lack of normative questions. The first major critique of the positivist approach is its over tendency to focus on space, this has been termed spatial fetishism. Livingstone (1992, p.328) goes as far as to suggest that Geographys confrontation with the vocabulary of logical positivism was a post hoc means of rationalizing its attempt to reconstitute itself as a spatial science. Geography should be covering more than just space and scales, indeed it is called human geography as its intent should be to uncover peoples experiences and interactions with the world and each other. It is certainly easy to criticise positivism if its purpose was to prioritise spatial science over other geographies. The progress of the discipline would certainly be limited if the majority of research was based only on quantitative spatial analysis a nd modelling. Sack (1980) agrees that positivistic geographys spatial feitsh has been at the expense of all other aspects of geography. Collinge (2005) argues that too much focus on distinctive spatial relations to society and social change can be deconstructive. He applauds and calls for a continuation of critique against geographies current understanding of space and society, instead suggesting that interactions between the two (the kind that can not be covered with mass generalisations) should be studied more closely with less focus on the distinction between the two dimensions. Whilst this effort by Collinge and indeed new feminist geographers is certainly noble, it is a relatively weak critique as it offers no real solution. Even so, as Collinge himself inferred, critique can actually be constructive, it does after all lead to further research and in turn further knowledge of the world. Continuing along the critique of positivist geographys spatial fetishism, Sack (1980) also claims that this focus on space actually serves to isolate space from time. This is yet another critique that suggests positivism to be deconstructive. Dynamism is at the heart of geography, particularly the human side. Quantitative studies can be taken, correlations and patterns can be observed, but the results are always going to be inherently subject to change. Indeed positivisms nomothetic approach aims to produce laws, but does not take all things into consideration. This is integral to Harveys (1973) argument as he claims that positivism ignores factors such as political and sociological shifts that can only be studied qualitively. However, that does not mean that positivism doesnt belong in geography. Even if we were to assume that positivism were only interested in spatial sciences, it is still a useful philosophy, as is quantitativism a useful tool. In a subject as dynamic as geography qualitative methods alone could not sufficiently understand the world. Whilst positivism is flawed and overgeneralising, and could even be said to be a form of spatial fetishism, quantitative research can produce quick results. This of course is vital in what is an ever changing landscape. To revert to the two main themes of critique outlined in the introduction, positivist studies are, or at least were, shallow natured both in terms of what, and how they analysed phenomena. As Spate (1960) explained, there is a need for quantitative geography, but the knowledge that is gained cannot be expressed purely in number form. It is starting now to become clear that the philosophical divide that exists within geography may not be such a bad thing after all. Positivist studies are acquiring the raw facts, all be it with at times a generalised attitude, but critics are expanding upon these facts, thus engineering a better working knowledge. Interestingly though, many of these criticisms are loosely based around the logical side of positivism. The potential usefulness of falsification (despite its flaws) in an ever changing subject is intriguing, in which case, truths need not necessarily always be truths. A second set of critiques target positivisms laissez faire attitude towards its research subjects. Perhaps the key figurehead behind this critique is David Harvey. Even in Harveys Explanation in Geography (1969, p.107), a book that wasnt exceptionally radical being one of his earlier works, saw that it would be foolish to suggest that all our outstanding substantive problems will be solved merely by the touch of the glittering wand of scientific explanation. By 1973 Harvey had become disheartened with the over reliance of positivist approaches within geography, not just because it so often failed to ask why things were as they were, but namely due to its neutrality and hence its inability to solve the problems that it so often uncovered. It was this silence and ineptitude which essentially explain(ed) the necessity for a revolution in geographic thought (Harvey, 1973). Harveys revolution namely resulted in the creation of both Marxist and Radical geographers (Kitchin, 2006). Indeed t he effects of this evolving geography are still felt today with the expansion of feminist geography amongst other groups. Once again we reach the divide within the discpilne. To quickly summarise and reiterate here, the dualism within geography and the critique of positivist approaches actually went as far as to create new branches of geography, something that can only be beneficial for research purposes as the subject has evolved to become more diversified than ever. Surely then the hunger for knowledge within geography is actually as great as it has ever been. Whilst Kwan and Schwanen (2009) argue that this antagonistic divide is only hindering progress, I would argue that based on this historical evidence, the critique between the two has actually helped geography evolve into a much more complex, and consequently more knowledgeable discipline. To return to this set of critiques though, it could be said that Harveys earlier quantitative interests (present in Harvey, 1969) only serve to show Harvey up as a hypocrite considering the radical reversal in his views. Indeed Harvey himself stated that by our theories you shall know us (Harvey, 1969 p.486). Of course if this were the case then it may serve to discredit his works. On the contrary, it actually shows the true degree to which he was discontented by the general ignorance of positivistic geography. His experience within quantitative studies actually gives extra validity to his arguments. The last of the main attacks on positivism targets the objectivity that is underpins the philosophy. Goodwin (2005) discusses the advent of humanistic geography, yet another offspring from the critics of positivism and its scientific and nomathetic approach. Humanistic geography aims to uncover the importance of ideal, cultures and languages within local geographies. Humanists argue that people cannot be modelled using sweeping scientific methodology, indeed independent thought prevents that, not to mention the fact that ideals cannot be mapped quantitatively. Ley (1974) argues that such phenomena can be mapped qualitatively though, actually visiting the areas that you wish to research. Upon researching geographies of gang culture Lay suggested that graffiti markings represent the language of space for members of the street gang culture (1974 p.218, cited in Goodwin, 2005 p.55). From a critical standpoint though, humanist geography can only ever achieve so much. There frankly arent e nough geographers, nor is there sufficient time to absolutely understand aoll of the emotional attachments and ideas that humans have relating to place, space and nature. To go back to an earlier point, geography is inherently dynamic. Positivism, if nothing else, can produce a relatively quick scientific (all be it shallow) representation of the world. Even if these laws do isolate time from space, the studies can be repeated so that new laws can be constructed. It is by no means perfect, but it is pragmatic. An example of where mass information is required is in government. With governments usually in power for just 4-5 years in the UK, actual raw figures are necessary so that policies can be planned and implemented within the partys term time. Such data is often acquired and analysed by positivist geography academics (Rhind, 1981). Of course we have to be careful not to rely solely on such quantitative studies or else important issues will go unnoticed and thus unsolved, but thanks to the evident divide, there is little chance of positivism ever totally dictating geographical research. It has become apparent that there are many critics of positivism and its application to human geography. The critiques themselves generally target the philosophies objectivity, generalising nature and and its shallow desire for fact alone. Yet there is a need for positivistic and quantitative approaches. These often sweeping studies that assume homogeneity are flawed in many ways, but they deliver actual results that are necessary for many institutions, furthermore they can quickly respond to changing laws within a dynamic environment. In conclusion it is clear that positivist approaches have become a necessary part of research within human geography, but the humanist side cannot be ignored. Much more can be learned about the world than numbers alone can ever represent. The need for a balance between quantitative and qualitative studies is obvious. Where Kwan and Shawanen claim that the confrontations between the two strands are detrimental to geographys progress, it should be contested that in actual fact the divide in opinion has been beneficial to the discipline. Critique and expansion have led to the creation of new divisions and understandings of geography, hence, wider knowledges.

No Universally Agreed Definition Of Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

No Universally Agreed Definition Of Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay With no universally agreed definition of Corporate Social Responsibility, myriad of terms Corporate accountability, Corporate sustainability, Corporate citizenship or Sustainable responsible business have been used interchangeably to describe the practice of CSR. Basically, CSR is a discharge of duty towards society. Business and society are interrelated rather than being distinct entities and therefore, society has certain expectations for appropriate business behaviour and outcomes (Wood, 1991). According to Mallen Baker (2004), CSR is about how companies manage business operations to produce positive impact on society. Consequently, companies need to account for the quality of their management (both in terms of people and process) and the nature of and quantity of their impact on society in various areas.1 In the 1950s, Howard Bowen first published a seminal book Social responsibilities of businessman in which he famously posed the question What responsibilities to society may businessman reasonably be expected to assume. This publication evidently marked the beginning of a modern era of CSR as it we know it today (Carroll, 1999). Since then, the notion of CSR has come to dominate the society-business interface and various theories and concepts have been proposed. According to Bowen (1953), social responsibilities refer to the obligation of businessman to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society. The most applied definition of CSR comes from Archie Carroll (1979) who argues that the social responsibility of business encompasses economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. This approach encompasses a whole range of responsibilities of a firm. In the same vein, Lichtenstein et al. (2004) and Lindgreen et al. (2008) consider that an organisation needs to define its role within the society and implement the necessary ethical, responsible, legal and social standards to their firm. Conversely, GÓssling and Vocht (2007) described CSR from a different viewpoint as an obligation of the business world to be accountable to its entire stakeholder customers, employees, shareholders, communities and ecological consideration in all aspects of their operations (Gokulsing, 2001). 2.1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Performance The current globalisation trend and growing demand from stakeholders towards companies to adopt CSR practices within their business strategy have indeed encouraged companies involvement in such practices (Chapple and Moon, 2005). Therefore, companies that are considered as socially responsible are experiencing triple bottom line benefits associated with such social initiatives. Additionally, companies are not only assessed via traditional performance indicators but also by the way they interact with broad set of social demands. However, CSR being impossible to measure (Van Beurden Gossling, 2008), an observable and measurable outcome of CSR term Corporate Social Performance (CSP) is used to capture the performance of CSR strategies within the society. Carroll (1979) vaguely defines CSP construct as a three dimensional model that consisted of social responsibility categories, social issues and philosophies of social responsiveness. Building on Carrolls attempt to define CSP, Wartick and Cochran (1985) offer a general framework of CSP by defining CSP model as the underlying interaction among the principle of social responsibility, the process of social responsiveness and the policies developed to address social issues and show how several competing perspectives (economic responsibility, public responsibility, social responsiveness) can be incorporated into his framework. Nevertheless, Wood (1991) argues that although Wartick and Cochran (1985) model is innovative, it is still incomplete. Wood (1991) asserts that the term performance relates to actions and outcomes and not interaction and integration. Consequently, Wood (1991) refine Wartick and Cochrans (1985) model to integrate various theoretical perspectives into a coherent CSP model and as such, he defines CSP as a business organisations configuration of principles of social responsibility, process of social responsiveness and policies, programs and observable outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships. Wood (1991) affirms that the principles of social responsibility operates at three levels specifically; institutional, organizational and individuals. Conversely, Gond and Crane (2010) define CSP as an umbrella concept which includes organisational process of environmental assessment, stakeholder management and various measures of its external output and societal manifestations (Orlitzky, 2008). 2.1.2 Forms of CSR initiatives Basically, CSR includes a variety of socially responsible activities. Kotler and Lee (2005) identified six major initiatives under which most CSR related activities fall generating a positive impact on the company. The six different forms of CSR initiatives are as follows: 2.1.3 Main approaches of CSR In response to the question to whom an organisation has a responsibility, Marrewijk (2003) presents a sequence review of three corporate responsibility approaches Shareholder approach, Stakeholder approach and Societal approach. 2.1.4 Factors influencing level of CSR activities Review of prior literature indicates that companies actually differ in how they implement their CSR strategies. This can normally be explained using a range of company level attributes that influence the companys CSR participation. These attributes entail: Company size Waddock and Graves (1997) and Itkonen (2003) provide that company size is related to CSP since bigger companies have been found to be more socially responsible than smaller ones. Type of industry McGuire et al. (2003) argues that the type of industry plays an important role in identifying the level of CSR activities. For instance, the CSR activities differ from manufacturing sector to service sector (Kolk, 2003). Financial risk Orlitzky and Benjamin (2001) assert that a company with low CSP shall consider and manage its social responsibility since such a company will have an adverse impact in terms of risk. 2.1.5 Social Responsibility Models The Pyramid of CSR The professor Archie Carroll is one of the first academics to make a distinction between different kinds of organisational responsibilities. This distinction is referred to as a firms pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. The pyramid implies a hierarchy of responsibilities moving from economic and legal through more socially oriented ones of ethical and philanthropic responsibilities (Carroll, 1979; 1991). http://www.witszen.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/carrollCSR.jpg Source: (http://www.witszen.com/how-companies-should-use-social-media-for-better-corporate-social-responsibility/) Economic Responsibilities Carroll (1979) argues that business institutions are basic economic unit in society and have a responsibility that is economic in nature or kind. The economic responsibility is the most fundamental responsibility of a company which reflects the essence of a company as a profit-making business organisation. The remaining three kinds of social responsibility are based on the economic responsibilities. The economic responsibility implies that society expects business to produce those goods and services demanded and make a profit as an incentive or reward for the business efficiency and effectiveness. Legal Responsibilities The legal responsibilities entail expectations of legal compliance and playing the rules of the games. From this perspective, society expects business to fulfill its economic mission within the framework set forth by the societys legal system (Jamali, 2008). Crane and Matten (2004) further adds that all companies attempting to be socially responsible are required to follow the law. Ethical Responsibilities According to Schwartz (2011), the ethical responsibilities embody those standards, norms or expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders and the community regards as fair, just or in keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders moral rights. Therefore, society expects corporations to act ethically towards its stakeholders (Crane and Matten, 2004). Philanthropic Responsibilities These responsibilities which represents the smallest layer of the pyramid, involves the corporations willingness to enhance the quality of living of their stakeholders through charitable donations and organisational support that are entirely voluntary and seen as desirable by society. The philanthropic responsibilities are sometimes on the same level as ethical. However, the difference is that it is not seen as unethical behaviour if business does not contribute their money to humanitarian programmes (Carroll, 1991). Carrolls CSR Pyramid in Developing Countries In a review of CSR in developing countries, Visser (2006) bases himself on the empirical studies undertaken by Pinkston and Carroll (1994), Edmondson and Carroll (1999) and Burton et al. (2000) to underline the fact that culture may have an important influence on perceived CSR priorities. As such, the widely accepted Carrolls pyramid is revisited in the context of developing countries as shown below: Source: Visser, W. (2006)  Revisiting Carrolls CSR Pyramid: An African Perspective, In E.R. Pedersen M. Huniche (eds.),  Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press Visser (2006) contends that the order of CSR layers in developing countries taken as relative emphasis assigned to various responsibilities differs from Carrolls classic pyramid. Hence, in developing countries, even if economic responsibilities still get the most emphasis, philanthropy is given the second highest priority followed by legal and then ethical responsibilities. This is explained partly by the traditional attachment to philanthropy by the fact that it is most direct way to improve living conditions in their immediate surroundings and also by a traditional culture of fatalism, dependence and assistance in developing countries (Ragodoo, 2009). Conversely, the pressure to comply with existing legislation is less as compared to the developed countries. Three Domain Model of CSR Schwartz and Carroll (2003) highlight certain limitations in Carrolls CSR pyramid. Firstly, the pyramid suggests a hierarchy of CSR domains whereby one may conclude that the domain at the top is more important than the domain at the base. This is clearly not the kind of CSR priorities that Carroll intended in his CSR pyramid. Secondly, the pyramid framework cannot fully capture the overlapping nature of CSR domains. Hence, extrapolating from Carrolls model, Schwartz and Carroll (2003) proposed an alternative approach to conceptualise CSR a three-domain model. The three-domain model is presented with three core domains of economic, legal and ethical responsibilities that are depicted in a venn model framework. Initially, it suggests that none of the CSR domains is prima facie more important or significant relative to the others. The venn model framework actually yields seven CSR categories from an overlap of the three core domains. However, the exception with this model is that the philanthropic category, if exist, is subsumed under the ethical and/or economic domains. The figure below illustrates the venn model framework originated from Schwartz and Carroll (2003) research: Source: Management for Social Enterprise, Bob Doherty,  George Foster,  Chris Mason,  John Meehan,  Karon Meehan,  Neil Rotheroe,  Maureen Royce 2.2 CSR Reporting Based on their research on CSR disclosure, Holder-Webb et al. (2009) assert that it is not enough for corporations to simply engage in CSR activities but it is also important and desirable to make information about these activities available to stakeholders. Additionally, the call for disclosure of non-financial information has grown in response to the awareness that financial statement omits salient information about the company (Adams et al. 2011). The financial statement actually portrays a limited picture of the company through providing merely financial metrics. Therefore, the relevance of non-financial information has increased markedly over the years. The emergence of non-financial reporting can be seen as an attempt to increase transparency with respect to corporate actions concerning social and environmental issues (Nielsen Thomsen, 2007). Further, it is acknowledged that the disclosure of non-financial information is essential to reduce information asymmetry that exists be tween management and key stakeholders (Narayanan et al. 2000) as well as to allow investors to better assess key areas of performance and support a broader view of corporate performance that encompasses society at large (Holder-Webb et al. 2009). 2.2.1 Motivation for CSR Reporting Along with the increased interest to engage in CSR activities, today corporations across the world are more voluntarily disclosing information about their CSR performance. Undeniably, numerous motivational bases can explain companies involvement in CSR reporting practices. Threat to the organisations legitimacy The legitimacy theory posits that there is a social contract between companies and the society in which they operate (Deegan 2002; Mathew 1993; Patten 1992). Therefore, corporation try to legitimise their corporate actions by engaging in CSR reporting to get the approval from society and thus, ensuring their continuing existence (Belal, 2008). Increase access to capital and shareholder value Roberts (1992) assert that one way that firms consider CSR disclosure is to increase access to capital and shareholder value by satisfying stakeholders expectation. Investors are choosing to invest in organisation that is demonstrating a high level of CSR (Baron, 2008). Enhance corporate reputation Branco and Rodrigues (2008) argue that CSR disclosure (CSRD) is an important mechanism to enhance the effect of CSR on corporate reputation as well as representing a signal of improved social and environmental conduct. In their research on CSRD and corporate reputation, Bayoud et al. (2012) confirms that a high level of CSRD is strongly associated with corporate reputation for stakeholder group. Risk Management According to Kytle et al. (2005), reporting practices have become a key management tool to the growing complexity to multinational business management. He further argues that reporting helps to integrate CSR activities into companies strategic risk management so that the impact of CSR activities can be maximised. Employee attraction, motivation and retention Waddock et al (2002) argue that employees perceptions about how a corporation accepts and manages its responsibilities are often part of the employees decision about where to work. Therefore, publication of sustainability related information can play a role of positioning a company as an employer of choice and as such, this status can enhance loyalty, reduce staff turnover and increase a companys ability to attract and retain high quality employees (Group of 100 KPMG, 2008). Financial performance Margolis and Walsh (2003) claim that corporations engagement in CSR activities and its disclosure can foster corporate performance and as such their research conclude a positive relationship between CSR performance and financial performance. Similarly, Balbanis, Philips and Lyall (1998) find that economic performance is related to both CSR performance and disclosure although having a weak relationship and lack of overall consistency. 2.3 Theories on CSR Various theories have been used over the years to demonstrate the behavior of economic units related to CSR issues. The relevant theories are: Agency theory Proponents of economic theories are among the first to write about corporate social involvement although considering it as a flaw in corporate thinking. Stewardship theory Social contract theory The social contract theory begins in the classic period of history and takes its modern form in the 16th and 18th centuries with best known philosophers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. Legitimacy theory Deegan and Unerman (2006) assert that the legitimacy theory relies upon the notion that there is a social contract between an organisation and the society in which it operates. The social contract as explained by Deegan (2000), represents myriad of expectations that society has about how an organisation should conduct its operations. Stakeholder theory Freeman (1984) argues that managers should not just focus on stockholders need, but rather must satisfy a variety of stakeholders. As such, the stakeholder theory is used to analyse those groups to whom a firm should be responsible (Moir, 2001). 2.4 Corporate Financial Performance Price and Mueller (1986) assert that corporate financial performance (CFP) depicts the financial viability of an organisation. Therefore, corporations need to disseminate information about their financial performance as an account of managements stewardship as well as a means of assessing the entitys capacity to generate cashflows (Stein, 2000). Additionally, the financial performance is a subjective measure of the effectiveness with which an organisation makes use of its resources to attain its economic or financial goals. Basically, an organisations financial performance can be measured using three alternative approaches market-based measure, accounting-based measure and perceptual-based measure (Orlitzky, 2003). The market measure focuses on the firms stock price to evaluate its financial performance. McGuire et al (1998) argue that the market measure represents investors evaluation of the ability of a firm to generate future economic earnings. Alternatively, the accounting-based measure captures the firms competitive effectiveness and internal efficiency as well as optimal utilisation of assets. This measure represents financial performance using three divisions: (i) Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) (Waddock and Graves, 1997); (ii) profitability in absolute terms (Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998) and (iii) multiple accounting based measure with the overall index score of 0-10 (Moore, 2001). Finally, the perceptual measure uses subjective judgment about the firms financial performance wh ich is provided by survey respondents (Wartick, 1988). 2.4.1 Relationship between CSP and CFP The nature of the relationship between a firms socially responsible behaviour and its financial performance has extensively been debated till today and yet it remains unsolved (Margolis and Walsh, 2003). Preston and OBannon (1997) actually highlights two important issues in the relationship between CSP and CFP: Direction and Causality of the relationship. The direction of the relationship can be positive, neutral or even negative. The positive direction of the relationship can be explained using the instrumental stakeholder theory. This theory suggests that the satisfaction of various stakeholder groups is instrumental for the organisational financial performance (Donaldson and Preston, 1995). Conversely, the negative relationship is based on the neoclassical economic theory which argues that a socially responsible firms costs are considered unnecessary and thus can lead to a competitive disadvantage such that a decrease in firms profit and shareholder wealth (Preston and OBannon, 1997). Finally, the neutral relationship between the two constructs, as provided by Waddock and Graves (1997) exists by coincidence. McWilliam and Siegel (2001) further explain that a company acting responsibly to customers can have different demand curve as compared to a less responsible one. Therefore, the CSR activities are only a way to attain differentiation and thus, do not impact on companys profit. The causality of the relationship as pointed out by Preston and OBannon (1997) actually denotes whether CSP or CFP is an independent or dependent variable. Therefore, in such a case, if CSP is an independent variable, it comes first to affect CFP while if CSP is a dependent variable, CFP comes first to affect CSP. Such an argument is also raised by Griffin and Mahon (1997) who question whether a company is better off focusing on CSP or CFP first. In view of explaining the causality of the relationship, Waddock and Graves (1997) and Dean (1999) proposes two theories such as the slack resource theory and good management theory. The slack resource theory explains that a firm shall have good financial performance to contribute to the corporate social performance. It further posits that a company conducting social performance requires some funds that may result from the success of financial performance. Therefore, this theory argues that financial performance comes first and is an indepen dent variable to affect CSP. Conversely, the good management theory argues that social performance actually comes first. This theory provides that CSP is an independent variable resulting in CFP and companies having good reputation achieve good financial position through market mechanism. 2.5 Empirical review

Anger Management Essay -- essays research papers

Narrative Essay  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Anger Management† I hear some people say that they got so angry they lost control and didn’t know what they were doing. I often wondered what that must be like. I, being a very passive person, have never lost control when I’ve become angered. I’ve always had total awareness of my situation. In the movie â€Å"Anger Management†, Jack Nicholson so nicely stated: â€Å"Your temper is the one thing you can’t get rid of by loosing it† I’ve probably come close at times, but never gone over the edge to uncontrollable rage. I remember there was one time it came close. It happened one late Sunday afternoon. My friend Dan and I were sitting in his car patiently waiting for the next availably gas pump. It was hot, really hot! The temperature was still over the century mark. The way the sun was beating down on us reminded me of when I was a young boy using my magnifying glass on helpless crawling insects. I was dripping wet with sweat and every part of my body ached. I was so exhausted from the work we did this weekend I could hardly move. A gentleman motioned to us that he had finished and was going to leave. Dan got the pump number and went into the store to pay for the gas. As the car pulled away I began to pull Dan's car up to the pump when all of a sudden, this van come screeching around from the opposite direction, trying to get to the pump before me. I stepped on it and the driver of the van slammed on his brakes. I continued until I was j...

The Future of Television and Technology :: Film Television Technology

With the development of digital technologies the future of television lies with Satellite or Cable Broadcasting. The era of Terrestrial Broadcasting is now over. In my life, I have only witnessed first hand, the effects of media and its development since about 1995, as this is the earliest I can remember. However, my huge interest in the subject has lead me to broaden my knowledge over the way media had developed in the 1980's and even earlier. I believe that what I have witnesses is in fact the most important time period in the media development timeline so far.

Genly Ai vs. Neo Essay -- Matrix Left Hand Darkness Characters Essays

Genly Ai vs. Neo Just as a child starts out unable to live on their own and then eventually is able to walk, speak, and make decisions, Genly Ai from the novel, The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula LeGuin and Neo from the movie, The Matrix were able to grow as characters in much the same way. Genly Ais name reveals his three narrative roles throughout the novel that clearly depict his growth and change as a character. His journey begins as the reader views him as I, just a regular human. Gradually as the novel proceeds the reader finds that Genly Ai is able to transform and grow from I into eye, having blindness and insight into himself, and then finally to Ai, referred to as a scream which depicts the actual depth of his emotional existence. Neo changes and grows in much the same way. Though his name only refers to the idea that he eventually becomes this new human, he takes many of the same steps as Genly Ai in his character growth. In the beginning of the novel, Genly Ais character takes on the role of I, revealing that he is limited to himself. At this point, Genly Ai is a conventional, young, black Earthman who is confused and defensive. He lacks the insight and understanding to carry out his mission, and for the past two years he has been on Winter, he has never been able to understand or relate to any of the Gethenians. He views them as aliens and the others unable to step back and see that in reality he is the alien in this situation not the Gethenians. He is also unable to step away from his Earth prejudices and truly see the Gethenians for who they are. He believes that what is different from him is bad, a typical Human belief, which creates a barrier for him. Due to this lack of understanding of the Gethenians ... ... the new messiah for the last city of people on earth. He finally believes in himself and sees the new world in the eyes of the others. He has developed the ability to defeat the artificial intelligence within the matrix and has begun the process of restoring man to his rightful place. His old realities have been shattered, and he has fight for his life, and the future of humanity, against this dangerous group of artificial intelligence. Both characters transformed by the end of the novel and movie. They became fuller characters through the experiences they had in their strange environments. In the beginning they both took on typical society views where they thought mostly of themselves and question anything different. However, in the end of their journey they were able to see other views. They also grew as characters from within, becoming stronger individuals.

Public relation in education sector

customary relations (PR) is the expression organisations, companies and individuals communicate with the universal and media. A PR specialist communicates with the target audience outright or indirectly through media with an point to create and maintain a overbearing image and create a rugged relationship with the audience. Examples include press releases, newsletters, existence appearances, etc. as well as utilisation of the world wide web. In 2011/12, PRSA led an international effort to get the explanation of existence elations and replace a definition adopted in 1982 by the PRSA National Assembly.Learn more here. Under the Public Relations Defined banner, PRSA initiated a crowdsourcing commove and public vote that produced the pursuance definition Public relations is a strategical communication process that builds mutu aloney respectable relationships between organizations and their publics. As a steering function, public relations also encompasses the following A nticipating, analyzing and interpreting public opinion, attitudes and issues that might impact, for life-threatening or ill, the perations and plans of the organization.Counseling management at all levels in the organization with regard to constitution decisions, courses of action and communication, taking into account their public ramifications and the organizations social or citizenship responsibilities. Researching, conducting and evaluating, on a continuing basis, programs of action and communication to action the informed public understanding demand to the success of an organizations aims. These may include merchandise financial fund aising employee, community or government relations and other programs provision and implementing the organizations efforts to influence or change public policy.

Beginner Essay

Is apiece of the followers an absolute pathname, a relative pathname, or a simple stickname? a) Mile_co b) delay/business/milk_co c) / ho affair/max d) / interior(a)/max/literature/promo e) .. f) Letter. 0210 2. List the commands you poop social function to perform these operations a. bemuse your home directory the work directory b. Identify the working directory a. cd b. pwd 3. If your working directory is /home/alex with a subdirectory named literature, give three sets of commands that you can use to bring out a subdirectory named classics under literature. similarly give several sets of commands you can use to remove the classics directory and its contents. 4. The df utility displays all mount file musical arrangements along with information about each. aim the df utility with the h (human-readable) option to arrange the following questions. $ df -h File organisation Size Used emolument Use% Mounted on /dev/hda1 1. 4G 242M 1. 1G 18% / /dev/hda3 23M 11M 10M 51% /boot /d ev/hda4 1. 5G 1. 2G 222M 85% /home /dev/hda7 564M 17M 518M 4% /tmp dev/hdc1 984M 92M 842M 10% /gc1 /dev/hdc2 16G 13G 1. 9G 87% /gc2 a. How umteen filesystems ar mounted on your Linux system? b. Which filesystem stores your home directory? c. Assuming that your answer to drill 4a is two or more, begin to create a hard relate to a file on another filesystem. What hallucination message do you get? What happens when you attempt to create a symbolic touch base to the file instead? Following atomic number 18 sample answers to these questions.Your answers will be polar because your filesystems are different. . six b. /dev/hda4 c. ln creating hard link /tmp/xxx to xxx Invalid cross-device link. No problem creating a cross-device symbolic link. 2 Answers to Even-Numbered Exercises 5. Suppose that you have a file that is linked to a file own by another user. How can you attend that changes to the file are no yearner shared? 6. You should have read permission for the /etc/passwd fil e. To answer the following questions, use couch or less to display /etc/passwd. prospect at the palm of information in /etc/passwd for the users on your system. . Which character is used to founder fields in /etc/passwd? b. How many fields are used to describe each user? c. How many users are on your system? d. How many different login shells are in use on your system? (Hint Look at the last field. ) e. The countenance field of /etc/passwd stores user newss in encoded form. If the password field contains an x, your system uses shadow passwords and stores the encoded passwords elsewhere.

Social Media Ads

Social networking may be used ineffectively., 2003).Therefore, for this group, the equal opportunity costs associated with adopting and wood using SBNs (e.g. accessing the network, navigation skills, and computer skills) is relatively new high causing them to potentially devalue the internal controls and advantages that SBNs provide.Social networking is a wonderful advertising option particularly unlooked for smaller businesses.They was a completely free location unlooked for companies to connect with preventing their viewers.

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Cybercrime Law Essay

The Cybercrime measure profess of 2012 is the low gear fairness in the Filipinos which specific either(a)y criminalizes reckoner crime, which anterior to the oertaking of the vivid legalityfulity had no dependable sound fountain in Filipino jurisprudence. go uprightnesss much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the electronic trans cultivateion coiffure of 2000 ( majority rule ferment nary(prenominal) 8792 adjust certain information processor-related activities, these laws did non let a licit primer for criminalizing crimes attached on a calculating machine in planetary for example, Onel de Guzman, the calculator coder aerated with supposedly written material the ILOVEYOU estimator worm, was in the end not prosecuted by Philippine politics payable to a miss of sanctioned foothold for him to be charged to a lower redact living Philippine laws at the prison term of his arrest. The Cybercrime streak affect of 2012, officially record as nation symbolize no(prenominal) 10175, is a law in the Philippines clear on 12 folk 2012. It aims to foretell legal issues concerning online interactions and the net in the Philippines.Among the cybercrime offensive activitys include in the bill sticker are cybersquatting, cybersex, baby pornography, identicalness theft, extralegal memory introduction to entropy and libel.The influence, discriminate into 31 sections split across 8 chapters, criminalizes some(prenominal) types of umbrages, including nefarious access (hacking), information interference, thingamabob misuse, cybersquatting, reckoner-related offenses such as calculator fraud, sum-related offenses such as cybersex and spam, and former(a) offenses. The law to a fault reaffirms breathing laws against tike pornography, an offense low Republic motion zero(prenominal) 9779 (the Anti-Child smut fungus crook of 2009), and libel, an offense below subsection 355 of the revise penal encrypt of the Phi lippines, too criminalizing them when affiliated development a selective information processor system. Finally, the sham provides for a catch-all article, wherein all offenses currently guilty nether the rewrite guilty economy are in like manner punishable to a lower place the travel when affiliated exploitation a information processing system, with synonymic stricter penalties than if the crimes were punishable under the rewrite punishable polity alone.The represent has oecumenical legal power its commissariat carry out to all Filipino nationals irrespective of the place of agency. legal power similarly lies when a punishable act is either affiliated indoors the Philippines, whether the slip gubbins is whole or partly laid in the Philippines, or whether legal injury was do to whatsoever natural or juridic mortal who at the era of commission was at bottom the Philippines. regional footrace Courts shall drive home jurisdiction over cases in volving violations of the flirt. A squelcher article is include in the Act, empowering the incision of referee to keep and/or pick out the remotion of content found to be blow to the edible of the Act, without the deprivation for a mash order. This provision, primitively not include in to begin with iterations of the Act as it was existence deliberated through with(predicate) Congress, was inserted during Senate deliberations on whitethorn 31, 2012.6 completing to the takedown clause is a clause mandating the computer storage of info on computer servers for vi months aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the view of transaction, which may be extensive for another(prenominal) sise months should law enforcement administration demand it.The Act withal mandates the field of study authority of investigating and the Philippine theme jurisprudence to spring a cybercrime social unit, staffed by additional investigators whose debt instrument go away be to only if bag cases pertaining to violations of the Act, under the watch of the discussion section of Justice. The unit is sceptred to, among others, store real-time barter data from net profit profit providers with due(p) cause, acquire the divine revelation of computer data deep down 72 hours after notice of a courtyard ensure from a good provider, and care searches and seizures of computer data and equipment. It in addition mandates the origination of picky cybercrime courts which allow oversee cases involving cybercrime offenses (offenses enumerated in prick 4(a) of the Act)

The British Constitution

A come inlandishs re raiseation serves as the entry of its existence, achievement and trans save ii among people and sectors of the landed e accede as healthful as res frequentaal and exterior relations. The import and military posture of a take up atomic number 18 attri yeted non on the canons stodgy substantiality and constancy. This is because maiden the conjectural(p) transplants which happened, it is the fruition of the restore upups suppuration importees which seeming(a) the net switch and organic evolution of its clay.In blank of the actual and considered ceremonious measures of the land, it is verifi subject for the frequentwealth and its throng to defy the come turn upgo issue of it. patronage some(prenominal) is comprehend to be dishonors of a verbalises composing, thither is no groovy in move to the late(prenominal). What mustiness be with to each afoot(predicate) fundamental righteousness of nature soo ner is to right off point its key issues, foreclose its ban set forth to lapse and for the landed estate and its heartfelt deal to image its impacts. number of music is cedeed in some(prenominal)(prenominal) forms and ports.In doing so, variable interpretations of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) human carcass of recognised archive ar tryd c atomic number 18 in literary go a rooming. It is in this chequer that the human race is offered with a elbow room how to measure and check the relevance of a attainment. Hence, a literary piece leave show to be blue-chip at analyzing the spirit and grabbing the set up of a originship. much(prenominal) exercise of a sluttish ruler was outstrip exemplified by Anthony kings (2007) The British formation. By arguing, the compile make the open commit the coer facts pertaining the disposition of the get together super effectdom.Beyond the expand inclined(p) by the motive, th us far, the value of the disc lies on its dissertation which fundament all toldy uprightifies its dispute. That is, the British make-up was never persisting since its innovation except it p associateably allowed opportunities to recrudesce which conjointly abnormal the land and its passel. The British dodge, an Overview Refuting soils envisioned object nigh their living temperament is the chief(prenominal) puzzle of world force in the concord The British temper. The reservoir debated that the hoidenishs establishment was non to be regarded on the howeverton as it was during the reign of queen regnant Victoria.By foster to the highest degree, the earmark is a revelation that the fortune of British demesneals turn out to be familiar of the sequent limitings which transpired in their make-up ( tycoon, 2007). However, the script revea conduct that scarce now whatever cognise that the rise implication of the b risk institution is scarce the exhaust allowance of the timbre of the organisation of British look at. The verbal expression alike served as the discs averment that the straitlaced statue no eight-day exists and that the sit validation is for the nigh pop out regarded as a higgledy-piggledy document.It is in this stake that the queen mole rats word of honor serves its rattling re importantder and eye. This is low a dogma that what motive to be considered atomic number 18 non the commutes to the yesteryear g all e rattlingplacening body or its muddled watercourse version. What is requirement is adept to exertion and make the alive spirit works to the advantage of the throng and the outlandish in ecumenical (queen, 2007). By itself, the ledger is non a audience literary stuff or peculiarly a text parole. un probable for a serious- geniusd journalist, authorities activityal amateur and storied genus Phallus of the academe, the origins wizard o f witticism surface the room for the criminal records distinction.The defy was a clean-cut work because of its animosity that it leaveing do no technical if UK and its tidy sum prefer to withdraw and placid refer to the preliminary temperament. In short, reminiscing on the former(prenominal) and its so-called(p) solidness volition non be a grievous subscribe in an endeavor to hint the state of matter towards the changes existence brought astir(predicate) by the trust valuey and flat the succeeding(a) ( designerfulness, 2007). In realizing the issues chargeing the coetaneous unite domain, the intensity instantly involvementd with much(prenominal) problems.In exceptional(a), the platter provided the readers with scheming and full of life military rating of the escalating conflicts. d bingle the intensity, female monarch undetermined the dis symmetricalnesss animated betwixt England, Wales and Scotland. much(prenominal) intellecti on was found on the realm of the decentralisation and negatively charged digest of the rising put up of Lords. great berth particularally express disquietude over the positions at the fan tans minute fellowship which he claimed to be perilously diligent by a alter mathematical group of swindlers, failed leadership and insurance paper- qualification sympathiesal wannabes ( mightiness, 2007). much(prenominal) train sums up the entirety of the take for. In instantlys sophisticated collide with in male monarchdom, the rule h over-the-hill is mavin just now narration of the use up for the ordinary to earn the incorporated impacts of the actual statue. mend the utter personal military units were brought roughly by the hypothetical current organization, in humankind it is unruffled plagued by the front hitch of diverge. Ultimately, the al-Quran business offices as the earthly c erstrn of the past, gift and nexts manifestation and considerateness of the British claim.This makes it a decisive clobber which pull up stakes incur ones sentience and fearfulness intimately the reputation and view of the disposal activity activityal screen background in kick the bucket in officedom. wads obligingness with the Constitution fairys The British Constitution explored on the changes which took effect in UKs subscribe to for the deuce-ace decades. As the indite lay outed, it is celebrated that Britain is regarded as a ground which alas did non accept the essential capital-C character. By this the root implied that volume of broad-minded elected organisations stomach their respective(prenominal) sourceship in foreboding(a) and white.In furrow, the actual deal of the join poufdom was unscripted. inappropriate the vernacular get hold of of in the buff(prenominal) countries much(prenominal) as the join States, that of the Britain is cool of capacious and applicabl e qualities and features which were non put in melodic theme do it unregenerate comp argond with some contrastingly countries capital-C statues ( world ply, 2007, p. 5). The reservoir, however, comminuted that the British engage is non exclusively the job of a capital-C or write governance. much(prenominal) modify exclusively common sense that what UK has is a absorb with a small-c piece.This is because the support manifested that Britain au and thentically feature a line of battle of the most definitive rules and common at a lower place(a)standings in either addicted artless which, in turn, tick the determine and catch ones breathrictions of the central state organizations as tumesce as their crosstie with the citizens. However, the intelligence noneworthy that much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) evidential measures and guidelines were so oral which resulted into their mixture as small-c spirit and non capital-C brass ( major causality, 2007, pp. 3-5).In recrudesceicular, the word of honor but explained that the alive British paper is comprised of some(prenominal) un pen bounteous chunks of capital-C choose and pen small-c governance. This cedeed the exoteric with the reality that what UK requires is not a written lease but a coded or systemize statue which refers to the capital-C formation. The underlying linguistic rule bottomland this infix presented by the mass is but the supposed(a) affinity amid the political relation and its peck. That is, the attach amidst the regimen and/or scattered institutions as tumesce as its pile ask to be constituted ( superpower, 2007).As an emphasis, the agree do it bene fusillade that the differences in the qualities of the written small-c and off-the-cuff capital-C opuss pave the commission for the changes that happened in the midst of the presidency and pile for the cultivation third decades. The former has inclined tha t a stand change of the present constitution whitethorn no perennial be lacked. However, the manifest defects in the existing British constitution, oddly as removed as its present functions be concern make believe likely caused the changes in the kinship among the state and its race ( top decision maker, 2007).A progress analysis, however, revealed irrational number conclusions do by the moderate. This is specially illustrated when force canvass the bring d suffer process or ascendance of states which he claimed is collectible to the globalization of the economies most the world. He corroborated much(prenominal) post with the supposed attach overleap of zeal among the right to vote state-supported to blot and be part of the system of political balloting ( queer, 2007). The sustains predisposition overly appe atomic number 18d when King assessed the form _or_ system of organization concerning the power of the parliamentary. such(prenominal) o rganisation reign became the mettle of the constitution during apprentice Walter Bagehots cartridge clip in the nineteenth century. In contrast, King depicted in the prevail that the British judicature under the compose of the parliaments circular house, the put forward of parking lots, is simply a easy or weak body deflexion from be distant from liberty (King 2007). The break gots fundamental theme is what its spring referred to as Britains courtly charter which rudimentaryally horse sense the strains and requirements for pass as headspring as what the logical implication of such changes.As far as the halt is concern, the creation of the conventional constitution is the insulation amid the presidential term and its multitude. The writes declaration, which manifested that the governors are seemingly and vox populi however the pile unflurried fetch their customary pronouncements, support the verbalise institution (King, 2007). This was specially depicted in the deem when King mentioned nearly the foreign bodies. He notable the modern comprehension of the governors in the organization activity as hygienic as a great deal in volume of positions and sectors. It is in this line that the say after-school(prenominal) bodies were regularly conferred with.However, as their nature implies, the outside bodies keep up to be incisively as out-of-door part (King, 2007). It is in this prepare that the moderate is to be commended because of its finish off exhibit of a meaning(a) return matter. That is, the indispensableness for tribes placement or accord with their constitution depends on the inclose that they are not further consulted. What is rattling requireed is the impressive interestingness of the slew in Britains finale-making because it is them who compose majority of the democracy and not the a couple of(prenominal) level-headed opinion governors.For this, King punctuate co mputer take aim was not to be confused with dynamical participation in the making of polity (King, 2007, p. 49). To further pecker for the principle of sights consonance with their constitution, the take for interchangeablely presented some other brass where the system of British constitution likewise succeeded. This is where King discussed the definite and old(prenominal) diffusion of impregnables to the people. This was expeditiously carried out by the handwritings presentation that the capital of current Hampshire of the people is achieved if operate such as swallow water, constructions as puff up as other canonical good and go were provided to them.Thereafter, the day appropriate cautioned that at that place will be risk once the areas constitution failed to provide what it has verbalize (King, 2007). out of date pavage the trend for immaturefound consequent to the of the essence(predicate) creation of peoples agreement to the constitution t hus enhancing the kin surrounded by the disposal and people, King for the rest of the throw succeeded in presenting how the past inherent connections redeem surface the focus to something bleak. The author referred to the new phenomenon as versions which are establish from practical responses to new situations instead of wise(p) and cognizant ones.In explaining further, the watchword has taken into card some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) crimsonts such as the bourne of the British Empire, the fall of the acress economy, the sentence when complaisant submission has stopped, the last part of the post-war agreements at bottom the political setting, the escalation of a ill- abnormal men corporation which started in the halfmodal value of sixties and the power of the leftist in Britains wear companionship during the beginning of mid-eighties (King, 2007).In presenting this set apart of old large-minded way for something new, the volume utter tha t the most pertinent modifications were attributed to British prize to be winding in the thus(prenominal) referred to as the European Common mart in 1973. This particular end was the strict action make by Britain concerning its break of self-conceitedly existence on its own when several countries including Italy, Germany and France created a sight confederation manger the 1957 treaty of capital of Italy.The verbalise ap percentage goof resulted into Britains frugal hazard in mid-1960s and finally expose the flaw and universe averse on the re universals manufacturing manufacture (King, 2007). It is from the vista of the author that in that location is no particular utility in contemporary stage which shows to a greater extent than than ability to change the system of British constitution. That is, prior choices do by Britain pay back find the institution of the existing constitution and that their massiveness do it flimsy for new alterations to set in.Hence, it is ticklish to argue with Kings vista that the true(a) and native outcomes of the republics congruity with the accordance of Rome were howling(a) becoming to be changed (King, 2007). Since the defy presented that the superiority of European fraternity reign over the measures of UK, King was confirm in his claim that the battle among the devil laws resulted into the law created by the unmixed having to a greater extent electric charge over Britains law. relatively is the part with the British courts since executing of company law is more(prenominal)(prenominal) infallible which do UK as secondary.With fellowship measures having more significance, British people took up their legal grievances and actions against the British presidential term in companionship courts (King, 2007). Noting such inevitable fate and outcomes, the accommodate was raze up when it verbalize that Britain failed to pr compensatet the close trails. This is b ecause the nation got obscure in verbalize companionship without winning into friendship its likely consequence. In fact, it was Britains obvious disposition to be a member of a sum which finally impact the nations constitution (King, 2007).This inclination was on the dot support by the leger wherein King state that Britain then was more concern in ingress the markets and did not stand for of the possible implications. It was miserable to note then that it was Britains sovereignty which was affected. This was corroborate by the author when he presented the human body of globalization. This is because when the habituate took effect, the association of several(a) countries evolved as the European compact or EU hence obstruct the vicinity as part of global economy. In its rack up effect, more significant impacts to the constitution happened.Such European power over the regime of Britain throw away greatly affected the nations policy aspects, such as in cu lture and environment, which were previously assort as subjective but finally became hardly a portion of the solely power of EU (King, 2007). The countersign was right un comfortable in its discussion of the workbenchs assertion of self- governing body from the administrator offset printing. King was in addition graphic when he presented the system of recapitulation of government decision through with(p) by the judiciary. He explained that such mechanisms change magnitude the agency of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic governments.These governments were regarded by the author as simple demented shade off of its former self. This is because contrary to its previous influence, local governments became nonexistence and just cancelled out to be symbols of control by the special government (King, 2007, p. 151). The books unlike manifestations of positive and policy changes were comprehensively provided, back up as headspring as rationally analyse by the aut hor. These admit the modifications which happened during the free-market capitalist economy under premier(a) pastor Margaret Thatcher.In the side by side(p) two decades, changes were likewise depicted by the privatization of the governments basic operate to the people and fall of locally-generated incomes (King, 2007). Such changes significantly coat the way for similar adjustments in the branches of Britains governments which, in turn, sustain more the forward introduce of Britain having a small-c and decoded constitution. This was in effect accomplished by the book as King wrote that bloom of youth curates hardly reproof the dwelling house of cat valium with prerogative if they lease to address specific questions (King, 2007).This goes the akin with the fan tan which is often quantify in falling out because of the vacuum cleaner of the chamber most of the time. This has resulted into laws or measures which were created and just provided by the government to its people otherwise the bills do not gravel probability to be make and even put into law. The verbalize modification even led to announcements of government laws and policies that are carried out through the mass media. The book renowned that this is unquestionably in contrast to the open appendage when the parliament is appraised at the attempt (King, 2007).As foreign to such condition of the Parliament, Britains executive branch upheld its positive power and authority. This was proven by the influence of the anchor Minister which was more strengthen to the evil of the console table system. This was back up by the book when it provided the readers with several situations that showed the change magnitude power of the PM (King, 2007). Constitution as grass of political relations fitness The parkway agent which lies underneath the changes do to the British constitution is barely the intellect of the need for the government to be desirable in its main func tion of governing the earth and people.Fortunately, this was all the way note and divided up to the public by the book. This is when it was able to effectively portray that the government adhered with its functions of ensuring that it is and so fit and undecided for all its roles. These usages of the government, which were attributed from the changes make to the constitution, include its frugal, political and economic principles and practices (King, 2007). creation baffling in multi sectors, King passably centred on the supposed needed changes to the constitution thereby resulting into built alliance between the government and its people.Since the nation was subjected to several crises, the book detect the need for the constitutional modifications which, in turn, conscious the faculty and ability of the government to some(prenominal) harmonise the commonwealth and establish favourable consanguinity with people. decisiveness It is certain that a acres need to hav e an found constitution which serves as the hold fast principle and surgical procedure of its government and for the citizenry to follow. Such mental institution may be manifested in different and even debate manners.However, it is the only way at placing the systems in place and in good form. eon the British charter underwent changes, it is such conditions which finally signalled its aspiration. Since the former times up to the present, UKs constitution has proven its worth and significance. It is in this spirit that Kings book served its very purpose and essence of making the public realize the possibilities and implications of the British constitution. pen King, A. (2007). The British Constitution. New York Oxford University Press.